Brazing titanium to stainless steel using nickel filler material

ABSTRACT

The invention is a method of bonding a stainless steel part to a titanium part by heating a component assembly comprised of the titanium part, the stainless steel part, and a very thin substantially pure nickel filler material placed between the two parts and heated at a temperature that is greater than the temperature of the eutectic formed between the titanium part and the substantially pure nickel filler material, but that is less than the melting point of either the filler material, the stainless steel part, or the titanium part. The component assembly is held in intimate contact at temperature in a non-reactive atmosphere for a sufficient time to develop a hermetic and strong bond between the stainless steel part and the titanium part. The bonded component assembly is optionally treated with acid to remove any residual free nickel and nickel salts, to assure a biocompatible component assembly for implantation in living tissue.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the side view of the component assembly with thefiller material as a foil between the stainless steel and titaniumparts.

FIG. 2 schematically depicts the bonding steps of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 shows component assembly 2 having titanium part 4, stainlesssteel part 6, and filler material 8. Component assembly 2 is heated to aspecific process temperature that is below the melting point of titaniumpart 4 or of stainless steel part 6, for a specific period of time, at apressure that is created by force 10 and that is exerted to place fillermaterial 8 in intimate contact with the titanium and stainless steelparts.

Filler material 8 is a foil preferably having a thickness of less thanten-thousandths (0.010) of an inch and more preferably approximately0.001 inches. Filler material 8 is selected from the group of materialsthat are compatible with the stainless steel chosen for stainless steelpart 6 in that they wet the surface during the bonding process and enterinto a diffusion process with the stainless steel part 6 therebycreating a strong bond during processing. Filler material 8 is selectedfrom the group of materials that are compatible with the titanium part4. Filler material 8 forms a bond with a titanium part 4 by virtue ofdeveloping a eutectic alloy at the bonding temperature and pressureutilized during processing. The eutectic alloy formed during processingis predominantly composed of the titanium from titanium part 4. Thegroup of filler materials includes substantially pure nickel, i.e., purenickel and nickel containing approximately two percent or less by weightof alloy metals. In a preferred embodiment, filler material 8 ispreferably commercially pure nickel foil having at least 99.0% nickeland less than 1.0% of other elements with a thickness of approximately0.001 inches.

Titanium part 4 may be a biocompatible material such as a titaniumalloy, and is Ti-6Al-4V in a preferred embodiment. Stainless steel part6 may be a 200, 300, or 400 series stainless steel, and in a preferredembodiment stainless steel part 6 is 316 stainless steel. In alternativeembodiments, rather than using filler material 8 as a foil, fillermaterial 8 may be a thin coating that is applied to either the titaniumpart 4 or stainless steel part 6 surface to be bonded by any of avariety of chemical processes such as electroless plating andelectroplating, or by any of a variety of thermal processes such assputtering, evaporating, or ion beam enhanced deposition. Fillermaterial 8 may also be applied as a thin coating of metallic beads ormetallic powder.

The process steps that are employed to create assembly 2 with a strongbond between titanium part 4 and stainless steel part 6 areschematically represented in FIG. 2. First, the surfaces to be bondedare prepared in step 20 by machining to assure that they will intimatelyconform to each other during bonding. The surfaces are smoothed andcleaned.

In step 22, component assembly 2 is prepared with filler material 8between titanium part 4 and stainless steel part 6. In step 24, force 10is applied to compress filler material 8 between titanium part 4 andstainless steel part 6. Force 10 is sufficient to create intimatecontact between the parts. Force 10 is applied to assure that a strongand hermetic bond is formed between titanium part 4 and stainless steelpart 6.

In step 26 the assembly to be heat processed is placed in a furnace in anon-reactive atmosphere, which is preferably vacuum, but which, in analternative embodiment, can be any of several atmospheres that are knownto one skilled in the art, such as argon or nitrogen. A vacuum isapplied before the furnace is heated to the processing temperature instep 28. A preliminary holding temperature, which is lower than theprocess temperature, may be utilized to allow the thermal mass of theparts to achieve equilibrium before proceeding with heating. The processtemperature is lower than the melting point of titanium part 4, butgreater than the temperature of the eutectic formed between titanium 4and filler material 8. In a preferred embodiment, the vacuum is 10⁻⁵ to10⁻⁷ torr, to assure that the filler material 8 and titanium part 4 donot oxidize. Component assembly 2 is held at the selected temperature,which is between approximately 940° and 1260° C., for approximately 5 to10 minutes, while force 10 continues to be exerted on filler material 8.The exact time, temperature and pressure are variable with each other soas to achieve a hermetic and strong bond of titanium part 4 withstainless steel part 6. For example, in a preferred embodiment, a 316stainless steel part is bonded to a Ti-6Al-4V part in vacuum at 10⁻⁶torr at approximately 1000° C. for 10 minutes with a pressure of about 5to 20 psi on a commercially pure nickel foil of approximately 0.001inches thickness.

The furnace is cooled and component assembly 2 is cooled to roomtemperature in step 30. In optional step 32, component assembly 2 iscleaned by being placed in a bath, after thermal processing is complete,to assure removal of all nickel and nickel salts. This bath ispreferably an acid bath that etches the exposed surfaces of componentassembly 2. In a preferred embodiment, the bath is nitric acid. Removalof nickel and nickel salts in the bath etch insures that componentassembly 2 is biocompatible. Nickel and nickel salts are detrimental toliving animal tissue. In the preferred embodiment, however, all of thenickel that is introduced as filler material 8 is combined with thetitanium and is chemically tied up by thermal processing to beunavailable as free nickel or as a nickel salt.

Component assembly 2 is biocompatible after bonding and processing.Titanium part 4, stainless steel part 6, and filler material 8 areselected so as to be compatible with the environment in a living body.Hence, titanium part 4 is preferably a Ti-6Al-4V alloy and stainlesssteel part 6 is preferably a 316 stainless steel.

In a preferred embodiment, component assembly 2 is either an electricalsensor or an electrical stimulator that is implanted in a human body,although it could equally well be implanted in any animal. It mustsurvive long periods in the hostile environment of a living body, whichis basically a warm saline solution. In a preferred embodiment,component assembly 2 is either a sensor or stimulator comprised of ahollow stainless steel tube that contains various electronic componentsthat is bonded to a titanium electrode end. The component assembly mustbe watertight; hence, the bond is hermetic, resisting salt-waterintrusion as well as growth of living tissue into thetitanium-to-stainless steel bond joint.

Further, component assembly 2 does not corrode while implanted in thebody. The materials are chosen such that they are not susceptible tocorrosion either individually or in the as-bonded state. Componentassembly 2 resists electrolytic corrosion as well as crevice corrosion,because of the materials selected for component assembly 2.

Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present inventionare possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to beunderstood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the inventionmay be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

1. A component assembly for use in living tissue comprising: a stainlesssteel part; a titanium part; and a substantially pure nickel filler forbonding said stainless steel part to said titanium part.
 2. Thecomponent assembly of claim 1 wherein said stainless steel part isselected from the group consisting of 200, 300, and 400 series stainlesssteel.
 3. The component assembly of claim 1, wherein said stainlesssteel part is comprised of 316 stainless steel.
 4. The componentassembly of claim 1, wherein said titanium part is selected from thegroup consisting of titanium and titanium alloys.
 5. The componentassembly of claim 1, wherein said titanium part is comprised ofTi-6Al-4V.
 6. The component assembly of claim 1, wherein saidsubstantially pure nickel filler reacts with and forms a hermetic andstrong bond between said titanium part and said stainless steel part. 7.The component assembly of claim 1 wherein: said substantially purenickel filler having a thickness of approximately 0.010 inches or less;and said component assembly is heated to a temperature that is less thanthe melting point of said titanium part, said stainless steel part, orof said substantially pure nickel filler, but that is greater than theeutectic melting point between said titanium part and said nickel part,thereby forming a bond.
 8. The component assembly of claim 1, whereinsaid substantially pure nickel filler is a thin coating of substantiallypure nickel that is applied to the surfaces that are to be bonded ofeither said titanium part or said stainless steel part, by a chemicalprocess selected from the group consisting of electroless plating andelectroplating.
 9. The component assembly of claim 1, wherein saidsubstantially pure nickel filler is a thin coating of substantially purenickel that is applied to the surfaces that are to be bonded of eithersaid titanium part or said stainless steel part, by a thermal processselected from the group consisting of sputtering, evaporating, and ionbeam enhanced deposition.
 10. The component assembly of claim 1, whereinsaid substantially pure nickel filler is a thin coating of substantiallypure nickel that is applied to the surfaces that are to be bonded ofeither said titanium part or said stainless steel part, selected fromthe group consisting of metallic beads and metallic powder.
 11. A methodof hermetically sealing a stainless steel and titanium componentassembly for implantation in living tissue, comprising the steps of:selecting a stainless steel part; selecting a titanium part; selecting asubstantially pure nickel filler that is compatible with said stainlesssteel part, said substantially pure nickel filler being one which formsa eutectic alloy with said titanium part, said eutectic alloy consistingof metals of said titanium part and said substantially pure nickelfiller and having a eutectic melting point that is lower than therespective melting point of said titanium or of said substantially purenickel filler; positioning said substantially pure nickel filler betweensaid stainless steel part and said titanium part; applying a force tosaid stainless steel part and said titanium part to place saidsubstantially pure nickel filler in compression, thereby creatingintimate contact between said stainless steel part, said titanium partand said substantially pure nickel filler; placing the assembly in anon-reactive atmosphere; heating the assembly to a bonding temperaturebetween said eutectic melting point and said melting point of saidtitanium part; holding the assembly at said bonding temperature for apredetermined time to form a bond between said stainless steel part andsaid titanium part; and cooling the assembly.
 12. The method of claim 11wherein said force creates compression between 2 and 500 psi.
 13. Themethod of claim 11 wherein said force creates compression between 2 and7 psi.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein said stainless steel part isselected from the group consisting of 200, 300, and 400 series stainlesssteel.
 15. The method of claim 11 wherein said titanium part is selectedfrom the group consisting of titanium and its alloys.
 16. The method ofclaim 11 wherein said titanium part is comprised of Ti-6Al-4V.
 17. Themethod of claim 11 wherein said substantially pure nickel filler iscomprised of pure nickel.
 18. The method of claim 11 wherein saidsubstantially pure nickel filler is comprised of about 0.010 inches orless thick foil.
 19. The method of claim 11 wherein said substantiallypure nickel filler is applied chemically.
 20. The method of claim 11wherein said substantially pure nickel filler is applied thermally. 21.The method of claim 11 wherein said substantially pure nickel filler isin the form of metallic beads.
 22. The method of claim 11 wherein saidsubstantially pure nickel filler is in the form of metallic powder. 23.The method of claim 11 wherein said non-reactive atmosphere is a vacuumbetween approximately 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻⁷ torr.
 24. The method of claim 11wherein said non-reactive atmosphere is an argon or nitrogen gas. 25.The method of claim 11 wherein said bonding temperature is betweenapproximately 940° and 1260° C.
 26. The method of claim 11 wherein saidpredetermined time is between approximately 1 and 60 minutes.
 27. Themethod of claim 11 additionally comprising the step of cleaning saidcomponent assembly after bonding to remove toxic materials that areharmful to living tissue.
 28. The method of claim 27 additionallycomprising the step of cleaning said component assembly after bonding byplacing it in an acid bath.
 29. The method of claim 27 wherein saidtoxic materials are comprised of nickel and nickel salts.
 30. A methodof bonding a Ti-6Al-4V metal part to a stainless steel part making ahermetically sealed component assembly for implantation in livingtissue, comprising the steps of: selecting a stainless steel part fromthe group consisting of biocompatible and corrosion resistant stainlesssteels; positioning a substantially pure nickel filler between saidstainless steel part and said Ti-6Al-4V metal part; applying a force tosaid stainless steel part and said titanium part so as to place saidsubstantially pure nickel filler in compression; placing said componentassembly in a non-reactive atmosphere; heating said component assemblyto between approximately 940° and 1260° C. for between approximately 1and 60 minutes; and cooling said component assembly.
 31. A method ofbonding a stainless steel part to a titanium part to form a componentassembly for placement in living tissue in which a filler is placedbetween the two parts to be bonded, applying a compressive force of 2 to500 psi to said stainless steel part and said titanium part so as toplace said filler in compression to form intimate contact between saidstainless steel part, said titanium part and said filler, said fillerbeing a metal which forms a eutectic alloy with said titanium part, saideutectic alloy consisting of metals comprising said titanium part andsaid filler and having a eutectic temperature that is lower than themelting point of said titanium or of said filler, and in which saidcomponent assembly, comprising said stainless steel part, said titaniumpart and said filler, is placed at a bonding temperature, for apredetermined time, that is less than the melting point of said titaniumpart, said stainless steel part or said filler, but where said bondingtemperature is greater than the melting point temperature of saideutectic alloy, selecting said stainless steel part from the groupconsisting 200, 300, and 400 series stainless steel, selecting saidtitanium part from the group consisting of titanium and titanium alloys,wherein the improvement comprises: selecting said filler to besubstantially pure nickel; and selecting said bonding temperaturebetween approximately 940° and 1260° C.